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1980 film by David Lynch

The Elephant Homo
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	David Lynch
Screenplay by	Christopher De Vore Eric Bergren David Lynch
Based on	The Elephant Human being and Other Reminiscences past Frederick Treves The Elephant Human being: A Study in Man Dignity past Ashley Montagu
Produced by	Jonathan Sanger Mel Brooks (uncredited)
Starring	Anthony Hopkins John Injure Anne Bancroft John Gielgud Wendy Hiller
Cinematography	Freddie Francis
Edited by	Anne 5. Coates
Music by	John Morris
Product company	Brooksfilms
Distributed by	Columbia–EMI–Warner Distributors (United Kingdom) Paramount Pictures (United States)
Release dates	October iii, 1980 (1980-10-03) (New York City[1]) October x, 1980 (1980-10-x) (US)
Running time	124 minutes
Countries	Britain United States[ii]
Linguistic communication	English language
Budget	$v million
Box office	$26 million (North America) [3]

The Elephant Man is a 1980 biographical drama film about Joseph Merrick, here chosen John Merrick, a severely deformed homo in late 19th-century London. The film was directed past David Lynch and stars John Injure, Anthony Hopkins, Anne Bancroft, John Gielgud, Wendy Hiller, Michael Elphick, Hannah Gordon, and Freddie Jones. It was produced by Mel Brooks, who was uncredited then audiences wouldn't meet his name and expect a one-act, and Jonathan Sanger.

The screenplay was adapted by Lynch, Christopher De Vore, and Eric Bergren from Frederick Treves's The Elephant Man and Other Reminiscences (1923) and Ashley Montagu'south The Elephant Human being: A Study in Human Nobility (1971). It was shot in black-and-white and featured make-up piece of work by Christopher Tucker.

The Elephant Homo was a critical and commercial success with 8 Academy Award nominations, including Best Picture, Best Managing director, All-time Adjusted Screenplay, and Best Actor. Later on receiving widespread criticism for declining to award the motion-picture show's brand-upward effects, the Academy of Movement Picture Arts and Sciences was prompted to create the Academy Accolade for Best Makeup the following year. The film also won the BAFTA Awards for All-time Picture show, Best Histrion, and Best Product Design and was nominated for Golden Globe awards. It likewise won a French César Award for Best Foreign Film.

Plot [edit]

Frederick Treves, a surgeon at the London Hospital, finds John Merrick in a Victorian freak show in London's East Cease, where he is kept by Mr. Bytes, a greedy, sadistic, and violent ringmaster. His head is kept hooded, and his "owner", who views him every bit intellectually disabled, is paid past Treves to bring him to the hospital for examination. Treves presents Merrick to his colleagues and highlights his monstrous skull, which forces him to sleep with his caput on his knees, since if he were to lie down, he would asphyxiate. On Merrick'south return, he is beaten and then badly by Bytes that he has to call Treves for medical help. Treves brings him back to the hospital.

Merrick is tended to by Mrs. Mothershead, the formidable matron, equally the other nurses are too frightened of him. Mr. Carr Gomm, the hospital's Governor, is against housing Merrick, as the infirmary does non accept "incurables." To prove that Merrick can make progress, Treves trains him to say a few conversational sentences. Carr Gomm sees through this ruse, but every bit he is leaving, Merrick begins to recite the 23rd Psalm, and continues past the part of the Psalm that Treves taught him. Merrick tells the doctors that he knows how to read, and has memorized the 23rd Psalm because it is his favourite. Carr Gomm permits him to stay, and Merrick spends his time practising chat with Treves and building a model of a cathedral he sees from his window.

Merrick has tea with Treves and his wife, and is so overwhelmed by their kindness, he shows them his female parent's picture. He believes he must accept been a "disappointment" to his mother, but hopes she would exist proud to see him with his "lovely friends". Merrick begins to accept guests in his rooms, including the actress Madge Kendal, who introduces him to the work of Shakespeare. Merrick chop-chop becomes an object of curiosity to high club, and Mrs. Mothershead expresses concerns that he is withal being put on display as a freak. Treves begins to question the morality of his own actions. Meanwhile, a night porter named Jim starts selling tickets to locals, who come at dark to gawk at the "Elephant Man".

The outcome of Merrick's residence is challenged at a hospital council meeting, just he is guaranteed permanent residence past control of the infirmary's royal patron, Queen Victoria, who sends give-and-take with her daughter-in-police force Alexandra. However, Merrick is soon kidnapped by Bytes during 1 of Jim's raucous late-night showings. Bytes leaves England and takes Merrick on the road equally a circus allure once once more. A witness reports to Treves, who confronts Jim about what he has done, and Mothershead fires him.

Merrick is forced to be an "attraction" again, simply during a "prove" in Belgium, Merrick, who is weak and dying, collapses, causing a drunken Bytes to lock him in a muzzle and go out him to die. Merrick manages to escape from Bytes with the assistance of his young man freakshow attractions. Upon returning to London, he is harassed through Liverpool Street station by several immature boys and accidentally knocks down a immature daughter. Merrick is chased, unmasked, and cornered past an angry mob. He cries, "I am not an elephant! I am not an creature! I am a homo! I ... am ... a ... man!" earlier collapsing. Policemen return Merrick to the hospital and Treves. He recovers some of his wellness, simply is dying of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Treves and Mothershead take Merrick to see one of Mrs Kendal'south shows at the theatre, and Kendal dedicates the performance to him. A proud Merrick receives a standing ovation from the audition.

Back at the infirmary, Merrick thank you Treves for all he has washed, and completes his church building model. He lies down on his dorsum in bed, imitating a sleeping kid in a picture on his wall, and dies in his sleep. Merrick is consoled past a vision of his mother, who quotes Lord Tennyson's "Nothing Will Dice".

Cast [edit]

• Anthony Hopkins as Frederick Treves, a doctor who takes John from the freakshow to piece of work in the hospital
• John Hurt as John Merrick, an intelligent, friendly and kind-hearted homo who is feared by most people in his society considering of his severe deformity
• Hannah Gordon as Ann Treves
• Anne Bancroft equally Madge Kendal
• John Gielgud equally Francis Carr Gomm
• Wendy Hiller as Mrs Mothershead
• Freddie Jones as Mr Bytes, the evil ringmaster (based on Tom Norman^[four])
• Michael Elphick as Jim, the dishonest nighttime porter
• Dexter Fletcher every bit Bytes' male child
• Helen Ryan as Alexandra, Princess of Wales
• John Continuing equally Fox
• Lesley Dunlop as Nora, Merrick's nurse
• Phoebe Nicholls (flick)/Lydia Lisle (footage) as Mary Jane Merrick
• Morgan Sheppard as human in pub
• Kenny Bakery as plumed dwarf
• Pat Gorman as Fairground Bobby
• Pauline Quirke as prostitute
• Nula Conwell as Nurse Kathleen, one of Merrick's nurses^[v]

Production [edit]

Jonathan Sanger, the film'due south producer, optioned the script from the writers Christopher Devore and Eric Bergren afterward receiving the script from his babysitter. Sanger had been working equally Mel Brooks' banana director on High Anxiety. Sanger showed Brooks the script, whereupon he decided to assist finance the moving-picture show through Brooksfilms, his new company. Brooks' personal banana, Stuart Cornfeld, suggested David Lynch to Sanger.^{[6] [seven]}

Sanger met Lynch and they shared scripts they were working on (The Elephant Man and Lynch's Ronnie Rocket). Lynch told Sanger that he would dear to straight the script after reading information technology, and Sanger endorsed him afterward hearing Lynch's ideas. However, Brooks had non heard of Lynch at the time. Sanger and Cornfeld set upwardly a screening of Eraserhead at a screening room at 20th Century Play tricks, and Brooks loved it and enthusiastically let Lynch straight the film. Past his own request, Brooks was non credited every bit executive producer to ensure that audiences would not await a comedy after seeing his name attached to the moving picture.^[8]

Four million dollars of the budget was raised from Fred Silverman of NBC. The remaining i million came from EMI Films.^[ix]

For his second feature and beginning studio film, admitting i independently financed,^[ten] Lynch provided the musical direction and sound design. Lynch tried to pattern the make-upwardly himself too just the design didn't work.^[8] The makeup, at present supervised past Christopher Tucker, was based on straight casts of Merrick's body, which had been kept in the Imperial London Infirmary's private museum. The makeup took 7 to eight hours to utilize each day and two hours to delicately remove. John Hurt would make it on set up at 5am and shoot his scenes from noon until 10pm. Subsequently his first experience of the inconvenience of having to apply the makeup and perform with it, he called his girlfriend, saying, "I remember they take finally managed to brand me detest acting."

Considering of the strain on the actor, he worked alternate days.^[8] Lynch originally wanted Jack Nance for the title character. "But it but wasn't in the cards", Lynch says; the role went to John Hurt after Brooks, Lynch and Sanger saw his functioning in The Naked Ceremonious Servant as Quentin Crisp.^[11]

Lynch bookended the picture show with surrealist sequences centred around Merrick'southward female parent and her expiry. Lynch used Samuel Barber's Adagio for Strings to underline the end of the film and Merrick'due south ain death. The film's composer, John Morris, argued against using the music, stating that "this piece is going to be used over and over and again in the future... And every time information technology's used in a motion-picture show it's going to diminish the issue of the scene."^[12]

When Lynch and Sanger screened The Elephant Human for Brooks later on they returned from England with a cut, Brooks suggested some minor cuts but told them that the motion-picture show would be released as they had made information technology.

At that place had been a West End play near Merrick chosen The Elephant Man, which was enjoying a successful run on Broadway at the fourth dimension of the film's production. The producers sued Brooksfilms over the employ of the title.^[13]

Reception [edit]

Critical response [edit]

On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the picture show has an approval rating of 93% based on 54 reviews, with an average score of 8.5/10. The site's disquisitional consensus reads, "David Lynch'southward relatively direct second feature finds an admirable synthesis of compassion and restraint in treating its subject, and features outstanding performances by John Hurt and Anthony Hopkins."^[14] On Metacritic, the pic has a weighted boilerplate score of 78 out of 100 based on 16 critic reviews, indicating "generally favourable reviews".^[xv]

Vincent Canby wrote: "Mr. Injure is truly remarkable. It can't be easy to act nether such a heavy mask ... the physical production is beautiful, peculiarly Freddie Francis'southward blackness-and-white photography."^[16]

A small-scale number of critics were less favourable. Roger Ebert gave information technology two/4 stars, writing: "I kept asking myself what the film was actually trying to say about the human status as reflected by John Merrick, and I kept drawing blanks."^[17] In the book The Spectacle of Deformity: Freak Shows and Modern British Culture, Nadja Durbach describes the piece of work as 'much more than mawkish and moralising than one would look from the leading postmodern surrealist filmmaker' and 'unashamedly sentimental'. She blamed this mawkishness on the use of Treves's memoirs as source material.^[18]

The Elephant Human being has since been ranked amidst the best films of the 1980s in Time Out (where information technology placed 19th)^[19] and Paste (56th).^[twenty] The picture show likewise received five votes in the 2012 Sight & Sound polls.^[21]

Box office [edit]

In Japan, information technology was the 2nd highest-grossing foreign film of the year with theatrical rentals of 2.45 billion Yen, backside but The Empire Strikes Back.^[22]

Accolades [edit]

The Elephant Man was nominated for eight Academy Awards,^[23] tying Raging Bull at the 53rd University Awards, including All-time Picture, Actor in a Leading Role (John Hurt),^[24] Art Management-Set Decoration (Stuart Craig, Robert Cartwright, Hugh Scaife), Best Costume Blueprint, Best Managing director, Best Pic Editing, Music: Original Score, and Writing: Screenplay Based on Fabric from Another Medium.^[25] However, the film did not win whatsoever.

People in the industry were appalled that the film was not going to be honoured for its make-up effects when the University of Movement Picture Arts and Sciences announced its nominations at the fourth dimension. A alphabetic character of protest was sent to the Academy'due south Board of Governors requesting to requite the moving-picture show an honorary laurels. The Academy refused, but in response to the outcry, they decided to give the make-up artists their ain category. A year afterwards, the University Award for Best Makeup category was introduced with An American Werewolf in London as its first recipient.^{[8] [26]}

It did win the BAFTA Award for Best Moving picture, besides as other BAFTA Awards for Best Actor (John Hurt) and Best Production Blueprint, and was nominated for 4 others: Direction, Screenplay, Cinematography and Editing.

The moving picture is recognized by American Flick Constitute in these lists:

• 2005: AFI's 100 Years...100 Picture Quotes:
  • John Merrick: "I am not an creature! I am a human being. I am a man." – Nominated^[27]

Home media [edit]

At that place have been many releases of the motion picture on VHS, Betamax, CED, LaserDisc, and DVD. The DVD version was released on Dec 11, 2001 by Paramount Home Entertainment.^[28] The version released every bit function of the David Lynch Lime Green Box includes several interviews with John Injure and David Lynch and a Joseph Merrick documentary.^[29] This material is also available on the exclusive handling on the European market every bit role of Optimum Releasing's StudioCanal Collection.^[thirty] The motion picture has been available on Blu-ray since 2009 throughout Europe and in Australia & Japan but not in the US (however the discs will play in both region A & B players^[31]).

A 4K restoration (created from the original camera negative and supervised by David Lynch) was carried out for the film'due south 40th anniversary and was released in a director-approved special edition Blu-ray from The Benchmark Collection in the US on September 29, 2020.^[32] The restoration was also released on 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray (including a remastered Blu-ray) in the Uk in April 2020.^[33]

The necktie-in novel was written by Christine Sparks and published past Ballantine Books in 1980.

Soundtrack [edit]

The musical score of The Elephant Man was composed and conducted by John Morris, and it was performed by the National Combo Orchestra. In 1980, the visitor 20th Century Play a joke on Records published this moving picture's original musical score as both an LP album and as a Cassette in the U.s.a.. Its forepart cover artwork features a masked John Merrick against a backdrop of smoke, as seen on the advance theatrical poster for the film.

In 1994, the first compact disc (CD) issue of the film score was fabricated past the company Milan, which specializes in flick scores and soundtrack albums.^[34]

Runway listing for the kickoff U.S. release on LP

Side i

1. "The Elephant Man Theme" – iii:46
2. "Dr. Treves Visits the Freak Show and Elephant Man" – 4:08
3. "John Merrick and Psalm" – one:17
4. "John Merrick and Mrs. Kendal" – 2:03
5. "The Nightmare" – four:39

Side 2

1. "Mrs. Kendal'south Theater and Poetry Reading" – 1:58
2. "The Belgian Circus Episode" – 3:00
3. "Train Station" – 1:35
4. "Pantomime" – 2:20
5. "Adagio for Strings" – 5:52
6. "Recapitulation" – five:35

Cultural influence [edit]

The Jam'south quondam bassist Bruce Foxton was inspired strongly by the film, and in response wrote the song "Freak" with the single's cover even making a reference to the picture show.^[35]

Thespian Bradley Cooper credits watching the flick with his father equally a child as his inspiration to become an actor. Cooper played the character on Broadway in 2013.^[36]

Musician Steven Wilson has stated The Elephant Human being to be his favourite film of all time.^{[ citation needed ]}

In season 3, episode 21 of The Simpsons, "Black Widower", Lisa daydreams of Aunt Selma's new fellow equally the Elephant Human.^{[ commendation needed ]}

British Television presenter Karl Pilkington often has cited it as his favourite film. Pilkington's beloved for the moving picture brought many new features to his various podcasts and radio shows.^[37]

Musician Michael Stipe loves the film and cites it every bit an inspiration for the R.E.Thousand. vocal "Carnival of Sorts (Boxcars)".^[38] Some other R.Due east.M. song, "New Test Leper", quotes the line "I am not an brute."^{[ citation needed ]}

Musician Nicole Dollanganger featured a sample of the film in her 2012 song "Cries of the Elephant Man Bones".^{[ citation needed ]}

Musician Mylène Farmer'south vocal "Psychiatric" from the 1991 album L'Autre... is a tribute to the film and John Hurt's voice is sampled throughout the song, repeating several times: "I'chiliad a human being, I'm non an beast".^{[ citation needed ]}

"Adagio for Strings" is a song inspired by the Motion Movie Soundtrack Elephant Human and produced by Dutch DJ Tiësto. It was commencement released in January 2005 as the fourth single from the album Just Be. The song is a cover of the original composition by Samuel Barber. In 2013, it was voted by Mixmag readers as the second greatest dance record of all time.^{[ citation needed ]}

See besides [edit]

• The Elephant Human being (play)
• The Elephant Man (1982 film)

References [edit]

1. ^ The Times, October eight, 1980, in large article on page 9 past John Higgins: "The Elephant Man, which opens tomorrow at the ABC, Shaftesbury Avenue, is besides likely to establish the reputation of its director, David Lynch." Read in The Times Digital Archive on October 28, 2013
2. ^ "The Elephant Man (1980)". BFI. Retrieved Feb 22, 2019
3. ^ "The Elephant Man (1980)", Box Function Mojo , retrieved July 4, 2010
4. ^ von Tunzelmann, Alex (December 10, 2009). "The Elephant Man: close to the memoirs but not the man". The Guardian . Retrieved April 29, 2015.
5. ^ "The Elephant Homo (1980) – Full Cast & Coiffure". IMDb . Retrieved April 27, 2020.
6. ^ "'How does a guy known for fart jokes make The Elephant Homo?'". The Guardian . Retrieved December 28, 2021.
7. ^ "A Brief History of Mel Brooks, David Lynch and 'The Elephant Man'". Moving-picture show School Rejects . Retrieved December 29, 2021.
8. ^ ^{a b c d} ""The Elephant Homo" Trivia". IMDB.com. Us. July 1, 2000. Retrieved July 20, 2014.
9. ^ Ryan, Desmond (November 3, 1985). "AT THE MOVIES: SERIOUSLY, FOLKS, THERE'Southward A SERIOUS MEL BROOKS". Philadelphia Inquirer. p. Fifty.2.
10. ^ Huddleston, Tom (2010), "David Lynch: interview", Time Out, archived from the original on June 4, 2010, retrieved June 16, 2010
11. ^ Potter, Maximillian (Baronial 1997). "Erased". Premiere.
12. ^ Sandomir, Richard (January 29, 2018). "John Morris, Composer for Mel Brooks's Films, Dies at 91". The New York Times . Retrieved January 29, 2018.
13. ^ SCHREGER, CHARLES (August 22, 1979). "Championship Fight for 'Elephant Man'". Los Angeles Times. p. f10.
14. ^ "The Elephant Human (1980)". Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 3, 2021.
15. ^ "The Elephant Man Reviews". Metacritic . Retrieved Oct 28, 2020.
16. ^ Vincent Canby (October 3, 1980). "Movie Review – The Elephant Man". The New York Times . Retrieved January 29, 2018.
17. ^ "The Elephant Man". RogerEbert.com. January i, 1980. Retrieved September 12, 2012.
18. ^ Durbach (2009), p. 35
19. ^ "The xxx best '80s movies". Time Out New York . Retrieved November 21, 2017.
20. ^ "The 80 Best Movies of the 1980s". pastemagazine.com . Retrieved November 21, 2017.
21. ^ "Votes for The Elephant Human (1980)". BFI . Retrieved November 21, 2017.
22. ^ "All-Time Foreign Grossers In Japan". Variety. March 7, 1984. p. 89.
23. ^ "David Lynch – Chapter ii: The Elephant Man and Dune – An Auteur In Hollywood". The British Film Resource . Retrieved November 23, 2017.
24. ^ Harmetz, Aljean; Times, Special to the New York (Feb 18, 1981). "'ELEPHANT MAN' AND 'Bull' UP FOR eight OSCARS EACH". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 23, 2017.
25. ^ "The Elephant Man". Movies & Telly Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. 2009. Archived from the original on April 12, 2009. Retrieved December 31, 2008.
26. ^ Roger Clarke (March two, 2007), "The Elephant Human", The Independent, archived from the original on November 4, 2012
27. ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes Nominees" (PDF) . Retrieved July thirty, 2016.
28. ^ Rivero, Enrique (September 27, 2001). "Extras-Packed 'Almost Famous,' 'Elephant Human being' Coming to DVD". hive4media.com. Archived from the original on October 30, 2001. Retrieved September vii, 2019.
29. ^ "The Elephant Man on StudioCanal Collection". Archived from the original on July 26, 2012. Retrieved August 1, 2010.
30. ^ "StudioCanal Collection". Retrieved August 1, 2010.
31. ^ "Elephant Man (The) (Blu-ray) (1980)". world wide web.dvdcompare.net . Retrieved Baronial 23, 2020.
32. ^ "The Elephant Man (1980)". The Benchmark Collection . Retrieved August 23, 2020.
33. ^ Brook, David (April v, 2020). "The Elephant Man – Studiocanal Blu-ray". Blueprint: Review . Retrieved August 23, 2020.
34. ^ "Milan Records – IMDbPro". Retrieved January 29, 2018.
35. ^ "Jam, The – Nostalgia Fundamental". nostalgiacentral.com . Retrieved January 29, 2018.
36. ^ "Bradley Cooper talks nearly playing 'Elephant Man'". TODAY.com . Retrieved January 29, 2018.
37. ^ "Ricky Gervais Explains The Mind Of Karl Pilkington @ TeamCoco.com". teamcoco.com . Retrieved September 26, 2015.
38. ^ "The Story Of R.Due east.1000. Without The Greatest Hits". npr.org . Retrieved March eight, 2021.

Further reading [edit]

• Shai Biderman & Assaf Tabeka. "The Monster Within: Alienation and Social Conformity in The Elephant Homo " in: The Philosophy of David Lynch 207 (University Press of Kentucky, 2011).
• Durbach, Nadja (2009), "Monstrosity, Masculinity, and Medicine: Reexamining 'the Elephant Man'", The Spectacle of Deformity: Freak Shows and Modern British Culture, Berkeley: University of California Printing, ISBN978-0-520-25768-9, OCLC 314839375

External links [edit]

• The Elephant Man at IMDb

sheplerlind1968.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elephant_Man_(film)

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